Blue pages this guide covers the bluebooks white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. If youre referring to a part of the document itself see supra, notes 510 and accompanying text then no. Short form for periodicals introduction to the bluebook. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator. Presented by the academic achievement program october 25, 2011. Infra refers to material that appears later in the document, but never for books see r15. As adverbs the difference between infra and supra is that infra is legal used to refer to something discussed later while supra is legal used to indicate that the current citation is from the same source as the previous one. Cole barnett the blue book is a general explanation of tax law prepared by the. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton. Use the actual source to verify that the appropriate signal and, where necessary, parenthetical have been used to indicate how an authority relates to the proposition being made. Notice that the period is also underlined when you use id. It is legal shorthand used to indicate that the details or citation of a case will come later on in the brief.
Supra and hereinafter are used to refer to authorities previously cited, but you may not use them to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials etc. Since the book is blue, its only fair that super supra gets a pink logo. You should use large and small capitals for book authors and titles. Shepardize or keycite, and check the supplement when applicable. Legal citation, the bluebook, and the anxiety of authority michael bacchust introduction at the end of the school year, law schools across the country hold competitions for positions on law journals, and the university of pennsylvania law school is no different. To require the subsequent author to update all the supra and infra references when adding new material is too high a. In actuality the application of the rule can be quite simple. The vanderbilt journal of entertainment and technology law jetlaw conforms to the chicago manual of style 17th ed.
Therefore, the most common format for a supra short form citation consists of the authors last name followed supra, offset by a comma. If there is an official name for the act, it needs to go before the title number and must followed by a comma. Carswell, 2010, also known as the mcgill guide, which is the style guide most commonly used by canadian courts. Is legal citation shorthand referring to the last cited source. Underlining should be used only in unusual circumstances, such as when it is important to exactly duplicate the appearance of quoted material. Legal citation, the bluebook, and the anxiety of authority michael bacchust. I will double check once im at work and have my bluebook, but i believe it depends on which supra youre using. The indigo book isnt the same as the bluebook, but it does implement the same uniform system of citation that the bluebook does. Earlier editions, however, were issued on a more ad hoc basis. Knowing this, its easy to see where the confusion can come from darn two timing supra, i know im destined for heartbreak. Basic layout bluebook 101 library guides at university. Italicized text generally reflects text copied from the bluebook. You have to do the same thing in the supra footnote. Citations should appear in footnotesrather than endnotesand conform to the bluebook.
If you cited a book in the earlier footnote, you put the authors name in small caps. Use the title of the collection instead of an author in the supra reference. X is used to refer to an earlier citation with a different point page. Supra refers to material that has already appeared in the document and it has its own rule at 4. A different shorter work than what was cited previously. Likewise, see infra note 46 means to look at note 46 below. California style manual for many years, the california style manual has served as the official guide for styling citations to legal materials in documents filed with state courts in california. Weird bluebook rules bluebook citations libguides at. Each edition and its original publication date many editions had several printings are listed below. While it is true that some law schools and many courts do not. Woods and the future of the tax blue book as a means of penalty avoidance and statutory interpretation united states v. If youre referring to a previous article posner, supra note 5, at 256 then yes. The indigo book was compiled by a team of students at the new york university school of law, working under the direction of professor christopher jon sprigman. A term employed in legal writing to indicate that the matter designated will appear beneath or in the pages following the reference.
Supra note x and infra note y should never be used on wikipedia because the footnote numbering will change if any new references are added, either by the same author or any subsequent author. A book, report, treatise, or other nonperiodic material may be cited in shortform after it has been in full. Infra is a latin word meaning below, beneath or underneath. Explanatory parentheticals can pack a persuasive punch.
Book as a means of penalty avoidance and statutory interpretation united states v. Table of authorities the ultimate guide legal office guru. Supra refers to citations or discussions appearing previously. Introductory signals and citation structure signals indicate the degree of support given by cited authority. Supra short form use the authors last name or article title if no author along with supra, indicating the original footnote the work was fully cited in and the pages on which the cited material appears. The blue book points out that citations in explanatory parentheticals are ignored when using id.
Supra may be used to short cite to any source that is not a case. Introduction to cite checking cite checking resources. Table of authorities the ultimate guide 3 comments its the one legal professionspecific feature in microsoft word. This section provides a brief guide to frequently used bluebook citation rules and sets out several exceptions. Thus, see supra note 3 refers you to footnote 3 above i. The term infra is legal shorthand to indicate that a particular reference will be further discussed or cited later in a document see infra note 117 and accompanying text. But see mitchell, supra note 95, at 141 arguing that the mandated reporting requirement on psychotherapists has both negative and positive consequences. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebooks unique system of citation in their writing. In recent years, new bluebook editions have appeared every five years.
Citing legal sources quick reference this quick reference 2to citing legal sources provides guidance on creating citations for the most commonly used legal sources. The bluebook system, however, is subject to the exceptions set forth in this manual. Bruce ackerman, robert borks grand inquisition, 99 y ale l. Infra refers to material that will appear later in the piece. Effective january 1, 2008, however, california rule of court, rule 1. After providing a full citation of a periodical, you may use id. Immediately after supra is the word note in ordinary type, followed by the number of the footnote in which the authority was first cited in full. A b c d e f gh i jk l m n o p qr s t u vwxyz show all. Subsequent references to a case in the same paragraph where intervening authorities have been cited waller, 900 p. For help with other source types, like books, pdfs, or websites, check out our other guides.
For books, the authors name should appear as it does on the title page of the book, in small caps followed by a comma. It follows the canadian guide to uniform legal citation, 7th ed toronto. The larger work after earlier citing to one of the shorter works. The term infra is legal shorthand to indicate that a particular reference will be further discussed or cited later in a document. It is used in citations to present authorities and indicate how those authorities relate to propositions in statements. Journal conventions vanderbilt journal of entertainment. Thus, if footnote 24 contains work x, and footnote 25 contains w and x, you must order them. Infra refers to citations or discussions that will appear later. Books, reports, treatises bluebook legal citation tarlton. Legal writers use citation signals to tell readers how the citations support or do not support their. And, judging from some of the requests i receive from my newsletter readers, its also one of the most intimidating. A pinpoint citation directly follows the title, which designates the specific pages on which the cited material.
School of government legal citation and style guide. Sanford levinson, wrestling with diversity 25 2003. So on second and third and eighth reference, you use id. If you are citing more than one section, you need to use two subsection characters followed by the sections you are citing. A pinpoint citation directly follows the title, which designates the specific pages on which the cited material appears. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. Usually need not worry about this for united states code citations. The title of the book, also in small caps, should follow.
Presented by the academic achievement program october. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon. When using supra as a short citation form, think of it as id. State, infra, it means that the exact citation of the case, including volume and page number, will follow later in the document. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority or significance of a legal citation as it relates to a proposition. Infra definition, below, especially when used in referring to parts of a text. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. Raquel ortiz roger williams university law library 2. This book is a reference guide that, believe it or not, will be just about the only book you take from law school into your practice as a lawyer. Portions of text, footnotes, and groups of authorities within the piece may be cited using supra or infra. Always check the blue pages in the back of the bluebook table 1 to. Law school bluebook basics one of the books that all 1l law students are required to purchase is the bluebook. Check that the form of the citation conforms to the bluebook. Oct, 2017 supra short form use the authors last name or article title if no author along with supra, indicating the original footnote the work was fully cited in and the pages on which the cited material appears.
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